In combining the social psychological backdrop on prejudice with neuroimaging and interference studies of the amygdala, we argue that the prevalent ingroupвЂ“outgroup interpretation does not fully capture amygdala activity across the race-related social neuroscience literature. Experimentally, one recent study found that differential brain activity for black and white faces predicts damage awards in hypothetical employment discrimination cases ( Korn et al., 2012). Research into race-related prejudice quickly highlighted the amygdala as a brain region of interest ( Hart et al., 2000 Phelps et al., 2000), although little is currently known of how responses differ across the structural and functional subdivisions of this structure.ДЄlthough effects of race on neural activity can be small, the behavioral impacts can be large, with repercussions for economic, legal, and medical decisions (for an excellent review see Kubota et al., 2012). It is, indeed, substantially more difficult to directly address other group memberships not outwardly expressed, such as religion or sexuality, in the same manner. While there exist many common forms of prejudice, the largest number of studies exist for race-related prejudice. These extreme examples aside, there are other-and more pervasive-forms of prejudice: based on gender, age, sexuality, class, religion, or (dis)ability.

Prejudice directed at different ethnic or religious groups has driven severe conflicts across the globe, from Nazi Germany to the former Yugoslavia to Rwanda. Prejudice has been a core component of many of the defining events of the last century.

As an enduring and pervasive aspect of human cognition, researchers have recently investigated the neural correlates of prejudice, broadly defined as any state of mind, feeling, or behavior that criticizes or derides others on account of a social group to which they may belong ( Allport, 1954 Brown, 2010). Finally, we consider future directions for the field and offer specific experiments and predictions to directly address unanswered questions.ДЄn emergent trend in modern psychology, spurred by the ability to non-invasively image the human brain and its neural activity, has focused on understanding how cognition is linked to neural function. More specifically, we argue that negative culturally-learned associations between black males and potential threat better explain the observed pattern of amygdala activity. Rather than the dominant interpretation that amygdala activity reflects a racial or outgroup bias per se, we argue that the observed pattern of sensitivity in this literature is best considered in terms of potential threat. In this article, we offer a critical review of social neuroscientific studies of the amygdala in race-related prejudice. Research in this area using racial group memberships has quickly highlighted the amygdala as a neural structure of importance. An emergent trend in modern psychology has focused on understanding how cognition is linked to neural function, leading researchers to investigate the neural correlates of prejudice. Prejudice is an enduring and pervasive aspect of human cognition. 2Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.Everett 1, Holly Bridge 2 and Miles Hewstone 1

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